This study showed that a monohybrid ratio for downward versus upward hairs on the internodes and the gene was symbolized as H. A similar type of ratio was found for medium-broad and narrow-pod width and the factor for this character was named as W. The same authors found monohybrid (3:1) and dihybrid (15:1) ratios for erect and drooping pods; the genes involved here were designated as E1 and E2. They also observed (1935 b and 1936) different seed coat colours in Dolichos lablab, viz., black, chocolate, khaki and buff and found monohybrid and dihybrid ratios in crosses between varieties with different seed coat colours.
While this study shows that the directions of hairs and pod width are each caused by a single factor; the position of pod was found to be due to duplicate genes. The study of the joint segregation reported here shows that the factors for hair direction (H), pod width (W), pod position (E1, E2) and seed colour (C) were independent and showed no linkage. Pod width and seed shape and also pod position and pod surface did not show any recombination which may be due to pleotropic action of a single gene or very close linkage of the factor controlling these characters. However, the populations of just 752 F2 plants studied here do not appear to be large enough to allow a clear choice between these alternative explanations.
From the inheritance studies reported here, it is found that the characters of type-21 are dominant over those of type–3. The genetic constitution of the two types, therefore, may be represented as HH WW E1E1 E2 E2 CC for type 21 and hh ww e1 e1 e2 cc for type –3 respectively.
Inheritance of a number of characters in this species was studied. Now two varieties, D.L. 259 and CO.12 were crossed in 1960. D.L.259 had green and flat pods and seeds were chocolate colour. Whereas in CO.12, these characters were light- green bloated and brown. F1 hybrids were sown in 1961. F2 populations consisting of 397 individuals were studied in 1962 and the performance of 36 families in the F3 generation was recorded in 1963.
In respect of pod colour, pod shape and seed colour a 3:1 ratio was obtained. This explained the fact that in each segregation a single gene was involved. Green pod colour was dominant over light green, flat pod shape over bloated and chocolate seed colour over brown. Three different and independent genes were, therefore, responsible for these three characters. Pigmentation in the vegetative plant parts was found to be dominant over light– green.
Ayyangar and Nambiar (1935, 1941) reported on the genetic behavior of pod and seed colour and isolated eight pigmented types in Dolichos lablab L. Later, Patil and Chavan (1961) also studied the inheritance of a number of characters in that species. Now two varieties, D.L. 259 and CO.12 were crossed in 1960. D.L.259 had green and flat pods and seeds were chocolate colour. Whereas in CO.12, these characters were light- green bloated and brown. F1 hybrids were sown in 1961. F2 populations consisting of 397 individuals were studied in 1962 and the performance of 36 families in the F3 generation was recorded in 1963.
In respect of pod colour, pod shape and seed colour a 3:1 ratio was obtained. This explained the fact that in each segregation a single gene was involved. Green pod colour was dominant over light green, flat pod shape over bloated and chocolate seed colour over brown. Three different and independent genes were, therefore, responsible for these three characters.
Pigmentation in the vegetative plant parts was found to be dominant over light– green. Whereas, Ayyangar and Nambiar (1935) reported the involvement of four genetic factors. However, the gene involved in this segregation has been symbolized as Grp. The single gene responsible for pod shape has been designated as Fp. and for seed colour gene symbol suggested was Csc.
Hybridization was done between a local strain of Dolichos lablab (L.) var. lignosus Prain and a local strain of D. lablab var. typicus Prain. The former has no anthocyanin pigment in any part of the plant body, whereas the latter has pigmentation in different parts including node, internode and pod. The F1, F2 and F3 generations of this cross were grown and plants were scored for pigmented and non-pigmented character.
The presence of pigment in the node, internode and pod of F1 and a 27: 37 ratio of pigmented to non-pigmented scored in F2 for all the three characters reveals that pigmentation in each of the plant parts–node, internode and pod–is governed by three complementary genes (A, B and C). This is confirmed by the breeding behaviour of 60 F3 families. The joint segregation of character pairs revealed no recombinants whatsoever, i.e., there was no segregants with pigmentation in any one or two of these three plant parts without pigmentation in the remaining part (s), thus leading to conclusion that the same set of genes (A, B and C) is governing anthocyanin pigmentation in all the three plant parts.
Though the joint segregations of the character pairs revealed no recombinant types, it cannot be ruled out that the pleiotropic action of the genes A, B and C might be only an apparent one resulting due to the close linkage among different genes governing each of the three characters.
The present study was undertaken with four F1S involving four varieties viz., No. 682, Surti No. 3, Chapatwal and New Dharwar. The crosses were No. 682 x Surti No. 3, No. 682 x Chapatwal, New Dharwar x Chapatwal and Surti No. 3 x New Dharwar.
The F1 and F2 populations of the above crosses were raised at Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during Kharif 1977. The spacing of 90 x 60 cm was maintained. The observations on stem colour, calyx colour and pod shape of parents and F1S were recorded. In F2 the segregation of three characters was recorded in all the four crosses. The X2 test was used to test the goodness of fit of the observed frequencies of the characters.
The mode of inheritance of stem colour in ail the four crosses was found to be digenic. In a cross between No. 682 x Surti No. 3, both the parents were white and F1 had the light green colour indicating that the genes present in both the parents compliment to each other and produced the light green colour. The F2 segregation was 9 light green : 7 white.
In other three crosses the F2 segregation showed 13 : 3 ratio. In a cross between No. 682 x Chapatwal, red colour of Chapatwal was inhibited by the white stem colour of No. 682, while in New Dharwar x Chapatwal, red colour of stem was inhibited by green. The green colour was inhibited by light green in a cross between Surti No. 3 x New Dharwar.
The calyx colour in crosses between No. 682 x Surti No. 3 and No. 682 x Chapatwal showed 9:7 segregation ratio. In both the crosses, green was dominant in F1. In the crosses between New Dharwar x Chapatwal and Surti No. 3 x New Dharwar, violet was dominant to light purple and light green to violet respectively and favoured the hypothesis of monogenic inheritance (3 : 1).
The length of pod was found to be controlled by two genes in crosses between No. 682 x Surti No. 3, No. 682 x Chapatwal and gave 9 : 7 complementary ratio. In other two crosses viz., New Dharwar x Chapatwal and Surti No. 3 x New Dharwar, the F2 showed the mendelian segregation of 3: 1.
It was observed that local land – races are photosensitive and take about 120 –125 days for flowering. To study photoperiod sensitivity, varieties Hebbal Avare-3 and land races were grown in kharif 2000. Hebbal Avare flowered within 45–50 days after sowing, while local landraces came to flowering 125 days after sowing in the first week of November 2000.
Two crosses between landraces of Andhra Pradesh and HA 3 of Karnataka were made during kharif 2000 and F1 plants were grown in kharif 2001. All of them flowered. F2 plants were sown in May 2002 and data on flowering pattern was recorded. This showed the dominance of photo–sensitivity and the segregation between photo–sensitivity and photo-insensitivity was in the ratio of 3:1, thus indicating that this character has bean governed by a single pair of genes.
Dolichos bean Lablab purpureus L. Sweet is one of the multipurpose legumes, used as a cosmopolitan crop around the world. The crop is mainly grown for its green pods, used as vegetables while the dry seeds are used as dhal making. It is one of the major sources of protein as dietary in southern India. Its productivity is low 228 kg/ha and its nature of photo insensitivity resulted hindrance in the Dolichos bean improvement. To break the yield barrier, inheritance study of qualitative character along with quantitative character is important. In this context, inheritance and interrelationships for five qualitative characters viz., growth habit, color of leaf, leaf structure, pod curvature and fragrance in a cross of GL 153 x HA 4 were studied. Inheritance revealed the complementary gene interaction (9 : 7) for leaf structure. Whereas, growth habit and color of leaf were controlled by three genes (39: 25)- a one basic gene, one inhibitory gene and one anti-inhibitory gene governing this character. The pod curvature and fragrance/aroma were governed by four genes with a ratio 117: 139 revealing that two complementary genes, one inhibitory and one anti-inhibitory gene were involved in these characters. In the reciprocal cross(HA 4 x GL 153) inheritance revealed that one basic independent and two complementary genes (57 : 7) for growth habit, color of leaf and leaf structure were controlled by three complementary genes (54:10). Four genes controlling pod curvature (195 : 61) indicate two duplicate, one inhibitory and one anti-inhibitory gene governing this character. Fragrance/aroma was governed by two genes with a ration 13 : 3 revealing that one inhibitory gene was involved in this characters. From the study it reveals growth habit was governed by three genes GH1, and GH2 act as GH1 and GH3 act as GHAI. Whereas leaf color inherited by three genes basic gene DG1, DG2 act as DG1 and DG3 act as DgAI. While leaf structure was governed by three genes Ls1, Ls2, and Ls3 act as Ls1 or Ls2. Pod curvature was governed by four genes PC1, PC2, PC1 and PCAI. Fragrance was governed by three genes S1, SAI, S1 act as S1 and S2 act as SAI. Joint segregation revealed that there was no linkage exists among characters. All the characters were segregating independently. These different genetic ratio of direct and reciprocal cross was due to characters governed by duplicate genes. Multiple alleles, genetic and cytoplasmic effects, maternal effects and their interactions.